These "rollups" process transactions off-chain and bundle them, significantly reducing the load on the Ethereum Mainnet.
The "plummeting" fees in 2022 were driven by a combination of market cooling and technical evolution:
Fees are determined by how many users are competing for limited block space.
This prevented failed transactions and "bidding wars" from artificially inflating gas prices on the public mempool. Looking Ahead
The 2022 "crypto winter" led to a massive drop in trading volume.
Networks like and Optimism gained massive adoption.
Lower demand for decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and NFT minting meant less competition for block space.