: The gold standard for direct visualization and biopsy.

: Using CRP, Fecal Calprotectin (to screen for inflammation), and LFTs (for hepatobiliary function). 2. Diagnostic Modalities

: Primarily clinical; pH monitoring if symptoms are refractory.

: Increasing use of Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) for recurrent C. diff .

: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy remains the standard for symptomatic stones. 🔬 Emerging Trends in the Field

: Lifestyle changes first. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are first-line. Surgical options like Nissen fundoplication for severe cases. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)