Electrophoresis

Small molecules move through the pores of the gel quickly, while larger molecules get tangled in the matrix and move more slowly. Over time, the molecules separate into distinct bands based on their molecular weight. Common Types

An electrical current is applied. Since DNA and RNA are negatively charged due to their phosphate backbone, they migrate toward the positive electrode (anode).

is a fundamental laboratory technique used to separate macromolecules—specifically DNA, RNA, and proteins—based on their size and electrical charge . By applying an electric field to a buffered medium, scientists can "sort" complex biological mixtures into distinct bands, making it an indispensable tool in genetics, forensics, and clinical diagnostics. How It Works Electrophoresis

Molecules are loaded into a porous gel, typically made of agarose (for large DNA fragments) or polyacrylamide (for smaller DNA or proteins). This gel acts as a molecular sieve.

Researchers use it to isolate specific genes for cloning or to study mutations. Conclusion Small molecules move through the pores of the

Used for proteins. The detergent SDS unfolds the proteins and gives them a uniform negative charge, ensuring they are separated strictly by length rather than shape.

Though the concept is simple—using electricity to push molecules through a "filter"—electrophoresis is one of the most powerful techniques in modern science. It transformed biology from a descriptive field into a precise, molecular discipline, providing the visual evidence needed to map the human genome and solve complex medical mysteries. Since DNA and RNA are negatively charged due

Uses narrow tubes instead of gels, allowing for high-speed separation and automation, commonly used in modern DNA sequencing. Real-World Applications