Fffm -

: The succession and activity of these microbes are primarily driven by environmental factors like moisture, acidity, and humidity in early stages, while oxygen content becomes critical during middle stages [18, 19].

Fused Filament Fabrication Method is the most common 3D printing technology, involving the melting and extrusion of thermoplastic filaments layer-by-layer [29]. : The succession and activity of these microbes

: FFFM typically shows a more complex interaction network and higher metabolic levels compared to alcohol-specific microbiota (AFM) [19]. and humidity in early stages