Ssm-cps

: Engineered systems that integrate physical processes (machines, sensors) with computational algorithms and network connectivity. They create a continuous feedback loop where digital commands control physical actions in real-time.

Traditional CPS engineering often focuses strictly on technical hardware/software integration. However, modern industrial environments (like Industry 4.0 ) involve human-machine collaboration, which adds unpredictable social and organizational layers. Applying SSM to CPS allows for: ssm-cps

: Using SSM-based guidelines to help Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) adopt CPS by accounting for limited expertise and shifting employee roles. ssm-cps