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: European powers developed better gunpowder technology and oceanic trade routes.
(r. 1512–1520) shifted focus to the Islamic heartlands: Defeated the Safavids in Persia. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650
: Positioned near the weakening Byzantine Empire. : European powers developed better gunpowder technology and
: Pushed to the gates of Vienna (1529) and took most of Hungary. The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650
used massive cannons to breach the "impregnable" walls of Constantinople. He renamed it Istanbul , turning it into a thriving cosmopolitan hub and ending the Byzantine Empire. Expansion East and South